Treatments for BJJ Elbow Injuries
From hyperextension to UCL tears—get the assessment and treatment protocols that have helped 500+ grappling athletes recover fully and return to training stronger.
From hyperextension to UCL tears—get the assessment and treatment protocols that have helped 500+ grappling athletes recover fully and return to training stronger.
The Problem
You felt the pop.
Maybe you were defending an armbar and didn't tap quite fast enough. Maybe your training partner cranked it before you could react. Maybe it happened so fast you're not even sure what went wrong.
Now your elbow hurts. You can't straighten it fully. You can't bend it all the way. Gripping anything sends a sharp pain through your arm.
Here's what you've probably tried: Rest and ice for a few weeks Ibuprofen to manage the pain Wearing a compression sleeve Hoping it goes away on its own Maybe some generic PT exercises that didn't help
Here's what usually happens: The pain reduces slightly. You think you're healed. You return to training. Within days or weeks, it's back—sometimes worse than before. Now you're stuck in a cycle of partial recovery and re-injury.
There's a better way.
At Grapplers PerformX, we've treated hundreds of armbar and elbow injuries. We understand the specific structures that get damaged, the assessment techniques that identify the real problem, and the progressive protocols that ensure full recovery—not just temporary pain relief.
The Problem
You felt the pop.
Maybe you were defending an armbar and didn't tap quite fast enough. Maybe your training partner cranked it before you could react. Maybe it happened so fast you're not even sure what went wrong.
Now your elbow hurts. You can't straighten it fully. You can't bend it all the way. Gripping anything sends a sharp pain through your arm.
Here's what you've probably tried: Rest and ice for a few weeks Ibuprofen to manage the pain Wearing a compression sleeve Hoping it goes away on its own Maybe some generic PT exercises that didn't help
Here's what usually happens: The pain reduces slightly. You think you're healed. You return to training. Within days or weeks, it's back—sometimes worse than before. Now you're stuck in a cycle of partial recovery and re-injury.
There's a better way.
At Grapplers PerformX, we've treated hundreds of armbar and elbow injuries. We understand the specific structures that get damaged, the assessment techniques that identify the real problem, and the progressive protocols that ensure full recovery—not just temporary pain relief.
The Problem
You felt the pop.
Maybe you were defending an armbar and didn't tap quite fast enough. Maybe your training partner cranked it before you could react. Maybe it happened so fast you're not even sure what went wrong.
Now your elbow hurts. You can't straighten it fully. You can't bend it all the way. Gripping anything sends a sharp pain through your arm.
Here's what you've probably tried: Rest and ice for a few weeks Ibuprofen to manage the pain Wearing a compression sleeve Hoping it goes away on its own Maybe some generic PT exercises that didn't help
Here's what usually happens: The pain reduces slightly. You think you're healed. You return to training. Within days or weeks, it's back—sometimes worse than before. Now you're stuck in a cycle of partial recovery and re-injury.
There's a better way.
At Grapplers PerformX, we've treated hundreds of armbar and elbow injuries. We understand the specific structures that get damaged, the assessment techniques that identify the real problem, and the progressive protocols that ensure full recovery—not just temporary pain relief.
Elbow Injury Treatment Guides
Armbar damage, hyperextension, chronic elbow pain—get back to submissions safely
BJJ Elbow Pain: Complete Injury & Rehab Guide for Grapplers
Oct 2, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Armbar Elbow Injury Explained (Video)
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
First Steps to Rehab Armbar Injury
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Pain-Free Elbow Bend After Armbar
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Do You Need an X-Ray After Armbar?
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Tennis Elbow Or Bicep Tendon? Test Yourself and Fix It Fast
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Median Nerve Test for BJJ: Fix Mysterious Arm & Elbow Pain
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Armbar Injury Recovery: Complete BJJ Elbow Rehab Guide (2025)
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Can't Straighten Arm After Armbar
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Elbow Injury Treatment Guides
Armbar damage, hyperextension, chronic elbow pain—get back to submissions safely
BJJ Elbow Pain: Complete Injury & Rehab Guide for Grapplers
Oct 2, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Armbar Elbow Injury Explained (Video)
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
First Steps to Rehab Armbar Injury
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Pain-Free Elbow Bend After Armbar
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Do You Need an X-Ray After Armbar?
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Tennis Elbow Or Bicep Tendon? Test Yourself and Fix It Fast
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Median Nerve Test for BJJ: Fix Mysterious Arm & Elbow Pain
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Armbar Injury Recovery: Complete BJJ Elbow Rehab Guide (2025)
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Can't Straighten Arm After Armbar
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Elbow Injury Treatment Guides
Armbar damage, hyperextension, chronic elbow pain—get back to submissions safely
BJJ Elbow Pain: Complete Injury & Rehab Guide for Grapplers
Oct 2, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Armbar Elbow Injury Explained (Video)
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
First Steps to Rehab Armbar Injury
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Pain-Free Elbow Bend After Armbar
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Do You Need an X-Ray After Armbar?
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Tennis Elbow Or Bicep Tendon? Test Yourself and Fix It Fast
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Median Nerve Test for BJJ: Fix Mysterious Arm & Elbow Pain
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Armbar Injury Recovery: Complete BJJ Elbow Rehab Guide (2025)
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Can't Straighten Arm After Armbar
Oct 1, 2025
Elbow/Armbar Injuries
Why Armbars
Cause Elbow Injuries
Armbars work by hyperextending the elbow joint—forcing it beyond its normal straight position. Here's what happens:
Normal Elbow Extension: Your elbow straightens to approximately 0 degrees (fully straight). Some people have 5-10 degrees of natural hyperextension.
Armbar Force: An armbar applies rotational force while simultaneously hyperextending the elbow. This combination creates stress on multiple structures at once: Ligaments are stretched beyond capacity Tendons are overstrained Joint capsule is torn Bone surfaces can impact or fracture Nerves can be stretched or compressed
The Speed Factor: Fast armbars are particularly dangerous. Your body doesn't have time to: Signal pain (you feel it after damage occurs) Activate protective reflexes Distribute forces across multiple structures
This is why "cranked" armbars cause more severe injuries than slowly applied submissions where you have time to tap.
Why Armbars
Cause Elbow Injuries
Armbars work by hyperextending the elbow joint—forcing it beyond its normal straight position. Here's what happens:
Normal Elbow Extension: Your elbow straightens to approximately 0 degrees (fully straight). Some people have 5-10 degrees of natural hyperextension.
Armbar Force: An armbar applies rotational force while simultaneously hyperextending the elbow. This combination creates stress on multiple structures at once: Ligaments are stretched beyond capacity Tendons are overstrained Joint capsule is torn Bone surfaces can impact or fracture Nerves can be stretched or compressed
The Speed Factor: Fast armbars are particularly dangerous. Your body doesn't have time to: Signal pain (you feel it after damage occurs) Activate protective reflexes Distribute forces across multiple structures
This is why "cranked" armbars cause more severe injuries than slowly applied submissions where you have time to tap.
Why Armbars
Cause Elbow Injuries
Armbars work by hyperextending the elbow joint—forcing it beyond its normal straight position. Here's what happens:
Normal Elbow Extension: Your elbow straightens to approximately 0 degrees (fully straight). Some people have 5-10 degrees of natural hyperextension.
Armbar Force: An armbar applies rotational force while simultaneously hyperextending the elbow. This combination creates stress on multiple structures at once: Ligaments are stretched beyond capacity Tendons are overstrained Joint capsule is torn Bone surfaces can impact or fracture Nerves can be stretched or compressed
The Speed Factor: Fast armbars are particularly dangerous. Your body doesn't have time to: Signal pain (you feel it after damage occurs) Activate protective reflexes Distribute forces across multiple structures
This is why "cranked" armbars cause more severe injuries than slowly applied submissions where you have time to tap.
Common BJJ Elbow Injuries:
Medial Elbow Complex Injury (UCL + Flexor Tendons)
What it is: Damage to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and/or the common flexor tendon group on the inside of your elbow from armbar hyperextension and rotation
Elbow Hyperextension Injury
What it is: Overstretching of the anterior joint capsule, biceps tendon, and brachialis muscle from armbars forcing the elbow beyond its normal straight position
Elbow Flexion Restriction
What it is: Inability to fully bend the elbow after injury due to posterior joint capsule restriction, swelling in the joint, or protective muscle guarding
Biceps Insertion Tendinopathy
What it is: Irritation or damage to the distal biceps tendon where it attaches near the elbow, often from repetitive gripping, pulling, or armbar trauma
Nerve Irritation (Median or Ulnar Nerve)
What it is: Compression, stretching, or irritation of nerves running through the elbow causing tingling, numbness, or burning sensations down the forearm and into the hand
Elbow Fracture or Bone Bruise
What it is: Fracture or severe bone contusion at the olecranon (elbow tip), coronoid process, or radial head from high-force armbars when the elbow is fully locked
Common BJJ Elbow Injuries:
Medial Elbow Complex Injury (UCL + Flexor Tendons)
What it is: Damage to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and/or the common flexor tendon group on the inside of your elbow from armbar hyperextension and rotation
Elbow Hyperextension Injury
What it is: Overstretching of the anterior joint capsule, biceps tendon, and brachialis muscle from armbars forcing the elbow beyond its normal straight position
Elbow Flexion Restriction
What it is: Inability to fully bend the elbow after injury due to posterior joint capsule restriction, swelling in the joint, or protective muscle guarding
Biceps Insertion Tendinopathy
What it is: Irritation or damage to the distal biceps tendon where it attaches near the elbow, often from repetitive gripping, pulling, or armbar trauma
Nerve Irritation (Median or Ulnar Nerve)
What it is: Compression, stretching, or irritation of nerves running through the elbow causing tingling, numbness, or burning sensations down the forearm and into the hand
Elbow Fracture or Bone Bruise
What it is: Fracture or severe bone contusion at the olecranon (elbow tip), coronoid process, or radial head from high-force armbars when the elbow is fully locked
Common BJJ Elbow Injuries:
Medial Elbow Complex Injury (UCL + Flexor Tendons)
What it is: Damage to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and/or the common flexor tendon group on the inside of your elbow from armbar hyperextension and rotation
Elbow Hyperextension Injury
What it is: Overstretching of the anterior joint capsule, biceps tendon, and brachialis muscle from armbars forcing the elbow beyond its normal straight position
Elbow Flexion Restriction
What it is: Inability to fully bend the elbow after injury due to posterior joint capsule restriction, swelling in the joint, or protective muscle guarding
Biceps Insertion Tendinopathy
What it is: Irritation or damage to the distal biceps tendon where it attaches near the elbow, often from repetitive gripping, pulling, or armbar trauma
Nerve Irritation (Median or Ulnar Nerve)
What it is: Compression, stretching, or irritation of nerves running through the elbow causing tingling, numbness, or burning sensations down the forearm and into the hand
Elbow Fracture or Bone Bruise
What it is: Fracture or severe bone contusion at the olecranon (elbow tip), coronoid process, or radial head from high-force armbars when the elbow is fully locked
Results
Results
Results
Join 500+ Grapplers
Who Chose Expertise Over Generic Healthcare
90% of our patients avoid surgery
95% patient satisfaction rate
5.0★
average rating
5.0★
average rating
5.0★ average rating
8-12 sessions average plan of care
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
"I thought my career was over—four weeks later I was sparring like normal.”
Joss Ayres
Purple Belt
"I wish I contacted Dalton much much earlier!! Thank you so much for keeping on the mats and training whilst helping me recover."
Virtual Patient | Nils Hirani
BJJ Purple Belt
"Great to have a physio that had specific grappling knowledge so immediately understood the positions which caused the injury."
Virtual Patient | Owen Lewis
BJJ Athlete & Weightlifter
"Being able to speak to an experienced grappler who understood the more specific movements that it entails helped me communicate my pains more effectively."
Virtual Patient | Chiu Dat
BJJ Purple Belt
Your Path
Back To The Mats
Step 1: Free 15-Min Discovery Call
See if we're the right fit for your specific situation—no pressure, just honest advice.
Step 2: Virtual Assessment (90 Minutes)
Step 3: Custom Plan (10-15 Sessions)
Most athletes see noticeable improvement within their first 1-3 sessions!
Your Path
Back To The Mats
Step 1: Free 15-Min Discovery Call
See if we're the right fit for your specific situation—no pressure, just honest advice.
Step 2: Virtual Assessment (90 Minutes)
Step 3: Custom Plan (10-15 Sessions)
Most athletes see noticeable improvement within their first 1-3 sessions!
Your Path
Back To The Mats
Step 1: Free 15-Min Discovery Call
See if we're the right fit for your specific situation—no pressure, just honest advice.
Step 2: Virtual Assessment (90 Minutes)
Step 3: Custom Plan (10-15 Sessions)
Most athletes see noticeable improvement within their first 1-3 sessions!
About Us
Built by a Grappler, For Grapplers.
We're grapplers who became PTs specifically to fill the gap in grappling healthcare.
The Problem: 6 Months of Going Nowhere
Founder Dalton Urrutia couldn't find a single PT who understood grappling injuries. Traditional physical therapy failed him for 6 months straight.
The Solution: If It Doesn't Exist, Build It
When nobody could help him get back on the mats, Dalton went to PT school to solve it himself—and for every grappler facing the same frustration.
The Result: 15 Years, 500+ Athletes
Today, Grapplers Performance is the specialized virtual clinic Dalton wished existed when he was injured. We're grapplers who became PTs specifically to fill the gap in grappling healthcare.
Dalton Urrutia
Founder, CEO & Performance Physical Therapist
Dalton founded Performx to help athletes better understand their movement, injuries, and body, in order to keep them doing what they love. Dalton has expertise in movement, strength & conditioning and exercise science and believes that education and understanding injury/the body combined with exercise-based rehab is the key to effective rehab.
Having opened a clinic in London and launched a successful virtual physical therapy business, he's excited to be back supporting his local community in the Willamette Valley.
Outside of the clinic Dalton loves rolling on the mats, flying leisure airplanes and exploring the local area with his wife, Sydney, their 2 boys, and dog, Ipa.
Dr. Tom Hanson, DPT
Virtual Performance Physical Therapist
Tom believes that long-term performance and resilience start with understanding how the whole body works together.
Tom started training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in 2012 and earned his black belt in 2024. He continues to train and teach regularly and has a deep passion for working with grapplers and combat athletes.
Tom holds a Doctorate of Physical Therapy and has been practicing since 2018. He’s worked extensively with both everyday athletes and high-level competitors, always with the same goal: helping people move with confidence and purpose.
At home, Tom is a proud dad to three young boys and two rescue dogs. When he’s not in the clinic or on the mats, you’ll find him fixing up guitars, exploring outdoors with his family, or homeschooling alongside his wife.
About Us
Built by a Grappler, For Grapplers.
We're grapplers who became PTs specifically to fill the gap in grappling healthcare.
The Problem: 6 Months of Going Nowhere
Founder Dalton Urrutia couldn't find a single PT who understood grappling injuries. Traditional physical therapy failed him for 6 months straight.
The Solution: If It Doesn't Exist, Build It
When nobody could help him get back on the mats, Dalton went to PT school to solve it himself—and for every grappler facing the same frustration.
The Result: 15 Years, 500+ Athletes
Today, Grapplers Performance is the specialized virtual clinic Dalton wished existed when he was injured. We're grapplers who became PTs specifically to fill the gap in grappling healthcare.
Dalton Urrutia
Founder, CEO & Performance Physical Therapist
Dalton founded Performx to help athletes better understand their movement, injuries, and body, in order to keep them doing what they love. Dalton has expertise in movement, strength & conditioning and exercise science and believes that education and understanding injury/the body combined with exercise-based rehab is the key to effective rehab.
Having opened a clinic in London and launched a successful virtual physical therapy business, he's excited to be back supporting his local community in the Willamette Valley.
Outside of the clinic Dalton loves rolling on the mats, flying leisure airplanes and exploring the local area with his wife, Sydney, their 2 boys, and dog, Ipa.
Dr. Tom Hanson, DPT
Virtual Performance Physical Therapist
Tom believes that long-term performance and resilience start with understanding how the whole body works together.
Tom started training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in 2012 and earned his black belt in 2024. He continues to train and teach regularly and has a deep passion for working with grapplers and combat athletes.
Tom holds a Doctorate of Physical Therapy and has been practicing since 2018. He’s worked extensively with both everyday athletes and high-level competitors, always with the same goal: helping people move with confidence and purpose.
At home, Tom is a proud dad to three young boys and two rescue dogs. When he’s not in the clinic or on the mats, you’ll find him fixing up guitars, exploring outdoors with his family, or homeschooling alongside his wife.
About Us
Built by a Grappler, For Grapplers.
We're grapplers who became PTs specifically to fill the gap in grappling healthcare.
The Problem: 6 Months of Going Nowhere
Founder Dalton Urrutia couldn't find a single PT who understood grappling injuries. Traditional physical therapy failed him for 6 months straight.
The Solution: If It Doesn't Exist, Build It
When nobody could help him get back on the mats, Dalton went to PT school to solve it himself—and for every grappler facing the same frustration.
The Result: 15 Years, 500+ Athletes
Today, Grapplers Performance is the specialized virtual clinic Dalton wished existed when he was injured. We're grapplers who became PTs specifically to fill the gap in grappling healthcare.
Dalton Urrutia
Founder, CEO & Performance Physical Therapist
Dalton founded Performx to help athletes better understand their movement, injuries, and body, in order to keep them doing what they love. Dalton has expertise in movement, strength & conditioning and exercise science and believes that education and understanding injury/the body combined with exercise-based rehab is the key to effective rehab.
Having opened a clinic in London and launched a successful virtual physical therapy business, he's excited to be back supporting his local community in the Willamette Valley.
Outside of the clinic Dalton loves rolling on the mats, flying leisure airplanes and exploring the local area with his wife, Sydney, their 2 boys, and dog, Ipa.
Dr. Tom Hanson, DPT
Virtual Performance Physical Therapist
Tom believes that long-term performance and resilience start with understanding how the whole body works together.
Tom started training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in 2012 and earned his black belt in 2024. He continues to train and teach regularly and has a deep passion for working with grapplers and combat athletes.
Tom holds a Doctorate of Physical Therapy and has been practicing since 2018. He’s worked extensively with both everyday athletes and high-level competitors, always with the same goal: helping people move with confidence and purpose.
At home, Tom is a proud dad to three young boys and two rescue dogs. When he’s not in the clinic or on the mats, you’ll find him fixing up guitars, exploring outdoors with his family, or homeschooling alongside his wife.
Serving grapplers worldwide. Virtual sessions. Real results.
Ready to Train Without Pain?
Book your free call today. If your initial evaluation doesn't deliver value, you don't pay. That's our 100% satisfaction guarantee.
Serving grapplers worldwide. Virtual sessions. Real results.
Ready to Train Without Pain?
Book your free call today. If your initial evaluation doesn't deliver value, you don't pay. That's our 100% satisfaction guarantee.
Serving grapplers worldwide. Virtual sessions. Real results.
Ready to Train Without Pain?
Book your free call today. If your initial evaluation doesn't deliver value, you don't pay. That's our 100% satisfaction guarantee.